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Sun in Vedic Astrology · Rules Leo · Astrovene
The Sun is the naisargika atmakaraka, the natural significator of the self: the tradition assigns it the father, the self and the soul, and makes it the natural karaka of the first bhava, the lagna, the house of the body and of standing.
It lords exactly one sign, Leo. Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn each carry two; only the Sun and the Moon carry one, so its rulership cannot be split between a favourable and an unfavourable house the way a dual lord's can. The first twenty degrees of Leo are its moolatrikona.
Its exaltation is Aries, deepest at the tenth degree, its debilitation the sign opposite, Libra. Aries belongs to Mars, a natural friend; Libra to Venus, a natural enemy. The tradition has never read that alignment as accidental.
Three of the twenty-seven nakshatras answer to the Sun: Krittika, Uttara Phalguni and Uttara Ashadha. All three straddle a sign boundary, opening in a fire sign and closing in an earth one. Because the nine lords repeat every nine nakshatras, each lord's three sit a hundred and twenty degrees apart, and only the Sun, Mars and Jupiter draw the straddling seat.
In the Vimshottari cycle the Sun carries six of the hundred and twenty years, the smallest span of the nine. A birth with the Moon in one of its three nakshatras begins inside a Sun mahadasha. That is the cycle's arithmetic, not a statement about anyone in particular.
The Moon, Mars and Jupiter are counted its natural friends, Venus and Saturn its enemies, Mercury neutral, and it is classed a natural malefic. It casts only the seventh drishti, with no special aspect of its own, and its directional strength is read as greatest in the tenth house. Its proximity is what makes another graha combust, by an orb that differs per graha rather than one shared distance.